NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Science Chemistry Chapter 16 - Chemistry In Everyday Life

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Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. An antiseptic cannot be ingested like antibiotics. So, this statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).

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A birth control pill is a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Progesterone suppresses ovulation.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Aspirin belong to non-narcotic  analgesics. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of a compound known as prostaglandins that stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain. That is why it can be used as pain relieving medicine. It also works in preventing blood platelet coagulation and reducing fever (antipyretic).

Hence, the correct answer is option (i).

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Classification of the drugs on the basis of molecular target is the most useful classification for medicinal chemist. These drugs usually interact with the biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These drugs posses some common structural features and have the same mechanism of action on target.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases. If the level of noradrenaline is low for some reason, then the signal-sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from depression. Anti-depressant drugs inhibits the enzymes which catalyze the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, this important neurotransmitter is slowly metabolised and can activate its receptor for longer periods of time, thus counteracting the effect of depression.

Hence, the correct answer is option (i).

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Syphilis is an acute disease caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum. Arsphenamine, also known as salvarsan was the first effective drug used in the treatment of syphilis. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (i).

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A narrow spectrum antibiotic is active against gram positive or gram negative bacteria.
Hence, the correct answer is option (i).

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Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases. They have antidepressing effects towards the central nervous system.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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Antiseptics are also the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Bithional is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).

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Equanil is a tranquilizer used for controlling depression and hypertension.
Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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A gum called rosin is added to shaving soap, this gum forms sodium rosinate, that enhances the leathering properties of the soap.
Hence, the correct answer is option (ii)

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Glycerol is added to soap to prevent it from rapid drying.
Hence, the correct answer is option (iii)

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Liquid detergents are non-ionic type. The example of liquid detergent is as follows:


Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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Polyethyleneglycol reacts with stearic acid to form a type of non-ionic detergent.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Targets drugs interact with biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Vitamins are not target molecule for drug function in body.
Hence, the correct answer is option (iii) 

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Inhibitors are chemical substances which decrease the activity of a particular enzyme. A weak bond such as H-bonding is formed between the enzyme and the inhibitor.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Sucralose is trichloro derivative of sucrose, which taste like sugar and is stable at cooking temperature, but does not provide calories.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).

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Artificial sweeteners do not add to the nutritional  value of food as these do not contains any calories. These are intense sweet than sugar.
Hence, the correct answer is option (ii)

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Receptor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and the active site of receptor opens on the outside region of the cell. Also, in order to accommodate the messenger, the shape of the receptor site changes.

Hence, the correct answers are options (ii) and (iv).

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Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to prohibiting microbial growth. Sodium hydrogencarbonate and benzoic acid are not used as food preservatives.

Hence, the correct answers are options (ii) and (iv).

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Iodoform (CHI₃) show antiseptic properties as it release iodine under the action of catalase from wound. Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is weak antiseptic for eyes.

Hence, the correct answers are options (ii) and (iii).

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Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases. Derivatives of barbituric acid, i.e., barbiturates constitute an important class of tranquilizers. They are used as hypnotics, i.e., sleep producing agents.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i) and (ii).

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Sulphapyridine and Prontosil are examples of sulpha drugs because they contain sulphanilamide, which is the real active compound in their chemical formula.



Hence, the correct answers are options (i) and (ii).

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Noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a role in mood changes. If the level of noradrenaline is low for some reason, then the signal-sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from depression. In such situations, antidepressant drugs are required. These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. Iproniazid, phenelzine and equanil are examples of antidepressants.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i), (ii) and (iii).

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Penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic, i.e., it is effective mainly against gram positive or gram negative bacteria. It works by killing the bacteria, i.e., it is bactericidal.

Hence, the correct answers are options (iii) and (iv).

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Sodium hydrogen carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, both are mild alkalies and are used as anti-acids.
Hence, the correct answers are options (ii) and (iv).

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Ranitidine and cimetidine are antihistamines which work as anti-acids by preventing the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall. This resulted in release of lesser amount of acid.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i) and (iv).

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Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. Derivatives of barbituric acid viz., veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal and seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers. These derivatives are called barbiturates.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i) and (iv).

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Anionic detergents consists of sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohol or hydrocarbons. For example, sodium laurylsulphate, i.e., CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CH₂OSO₃^–Na⁺ and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i) and (iv).

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Cationic detergent have germicidal properties. Detergents that are highly branched cannot be degraded by bacteria. Some detergents can give foam even in ice cold water. Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents which have all the properties of soaps, but which actually do not contain any soap.

Hence, the correct answers are options (i), (iii) and (iv).

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The average molecular mass of drugs is between ~100-500 u. These interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response. When the biological response is therapeutic and useful, these chemicals are called medicines.

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Medicines are used in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.  However, it can become poisonous if consumed in higher doses than those recommended. Chemicals are modified to create antiseptic and disinfectant drugs also.

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The drugs which either kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms and are applied to the living human tissues are known as antiseptics. Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers, and diseased skin surfaces. 

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The drugs that come under antimicrobial drugs are - antiseptics, antibiotics, disinfectants and sulpha drugs.

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Receptors are embedded on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

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Hyperacidity results in causing ulcers in intestine,  gastric reflux and oesophagitis.

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The non-active site of an enzyme where a molecule might bind and affect the active site of the enzyme is known as allosteric site. A few drugs bind at this site as well.

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Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, etc., are involved in binding of substrate to the active site of enzyme.

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The −As=As− linkage in arsphenamine resembles with the −N=N− linkage in azodye.

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 Tranquilizers are the class of drugs that are used in sleeping pills.

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Aspirin have antiblood clothing action as it prevents platelet coagulation in the heart and thus it is used to prevent heart attack.

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Antacids are responsible for reducing the effect of acidity by neutralizing the gastric acid produced in the body, whereas, antiallergic drugs work on reducing the allergic effect in the body. Though both are antihistamine drugs, but they work on different receptors. Hence, they cannot replace each other.

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Soft soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid).

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Excessive amount of alkali in soap can be determined using acid-base titration. The excess alkali left after hydrolysis of oils or fats can be the source of alkalinity in soap.

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Detergents (which are not biodegradable) persist in water even after sewage treatment and that causes foaming in river water.

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Anionic detergents like sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate etc. are used in toothpastes.

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Hair shampoos consists of cationic detergents. These are made up of quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.

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Non-ionic detergents such as polyethylene glycol stearate are used as dishwashing soaps. They are prepared with the reaction of stearic acid with polyethylene glycol.

Since, they do not contains any ion in their constituents, they are neutral in nature.
 

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The detergent, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CH₂$\mathrm{OS}{\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{O}}}_3\stackrel{+}{\mathrm{Na}}$ is an anionic detergent. When it is dissolved in water, the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action and the molecules arrange themselves in the form of a cluster in such a manner that their hydrophobic ends are away from the water molecules and their hydrophilic or ionic ends are towards the water molecules (as shown in the following figure). This is known as micelle formation and the cluster that is formed is called a micelle.

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Detergents containing highly branched hydrocarbons chains causes water pollution, as due to the presence of the side chains in the structure the bacteria cannot act and break the chain.
Therefore, lesser the branching more is the biodegradability i.e., unbranched chains are more easily degraded by bacteria as compared to branched chains. 

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Soaps are biodegradable while the detergents containing branched hydrocarbon chains are quite stable i.e., they cannot be reduced by the bacteria easily. Thus, the contribute in causing water and other environmental pollution.

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Analgesics are a class of drugs which tends to reduce or abolish pain by causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or other disturbances in the nervous system. They are further classified into two groups,

• Non-narcotics analgesics- they are non-addictive, for example, aspirin
• Narcotics analgesics- they are addictive, for example, morphine

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Noradrenaline is a neuro-transmitter responsible for changing the mood in humans. If the level of noradrenaline is low in the body, then the message transfer process becomes slow and the person suffers from depression.

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Both antiseptics as well as disinfectants are antimicrobials. Antiseptics work by preventing or inhibiting the growth of microbes and these can be applied to the living tissues. On the other hand, disinfectants also kills the microorganism, but these are not safe to applies on the living tissues rather they are applies to non-living objects like floor, drains etc.,

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Magnesium hydroxide is a better antacid than sodiumhydrogencarbonate because magnesium hydroxide bein insoluble in water does not allow the pH to increase above neutrality, whereas  ​sodiumhydrogencarbonate  (if taken in excessive amounts) being soluble increase the pH of the stomach and triggers the secretion of even more acid.

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Analgesics are a class of drugs which tends to reduce or abolish pain by causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or other disturbances in the nervous system. They are further classified into two groups,

• Non-narcotics analgesics- they are non-addictive, for example, aspirin
• Narcotics analgesics- they are addictive, for example, morphine and its derivatives like codeine and heroin (morphine diacetate) are sometimes referred to as opiates as they are obtained from opium poppy.

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 The narcotic drugs like morphine and its derivatives, relieve pain and produce sleep. Therefore, these are commonly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and pain of terminal cancer and in child birth.

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Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonistic drugs. For example, cimetidine is antagonistic drug as it binds to the receptor site in the site to prevent histamine to bind to stomach receptor and cause the  production of HCl which in turn will cause hyperacidity.

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Antimicrobials are the drugs that cure the diseases caused by microorganisms, These drugs work by preventing or inhibiting the pathogenic actions of the microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses or other parasites selectively.

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Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids (such as stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid). Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating of fat (glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous solution of NaOH, this is known as saponification.

The side product left during the production of soaps is glycerol.

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Transport soaps are prepared by dissolving soap in ethanol followed by evaporation of excess of solvent.

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Antacids works by neutralizing the excess of acid produced in the stomach during digestion. They do not reduce the production of excess acid. Therefore, they control only the symptoms not the cause. On the other hand, antihistamine drugs suppresses the action of histamine which is the chemical responsible for the stimulation of secretion of pepsin and HCl in the stomach. The influence and modifies by preventing the blending of histamine with receptor present in the stomach wall, which reduces the production of acid. Thus, providing a better treatment.

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Histamine is a potent vasodilator and performs the following functions in the body:
(i) It stimulates the release of pepsin and HCl in the stomach.
(ii) It contracts the muscles in gut and bronchi.
(iii) It is responsible for the congestion in the nose during common cold and allergies.
(iv) It relaxes a few muscles such as the walls of the intestine.

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Tranquilizers increases the level of noradrenaline in the body thus, curing the feeling of depression. Low levels of noradrenaline is a cause for anxiety and depression due to which the signal sending activity of a person becomes slow. Tranquilizers are the drugs that inhibits the working of the enzyme which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. As a result the neurotransmitter noradrenaline is slowly metabolised and can activate the receptor for longer period.

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Enzyme have active site that bind the substrate for effective and quick chemical reaction. The functional group present at the active site of enzymes interact with functional groups of substrate via ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction etc. Some drugs interfere with this interaction by blocking the binding sites of the enzymes and prevent the actual binding of substrate with enzymes. This inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzymes and thus called as inhibitors.

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Fillers are the substances that are added to soaps to enhance their properties and make them more useful towards a particular application. Some important examples of fillers are:
1) To prevent rapid drying of shaving soaps glycerol is used as a filler.
2) Various substances with high medicinal values are added in medicinal soaps.
3) In order to increase the lather forming ability of laundry soaps substance like sodium osinated, Sodium silicate, borax and sodium carbonate is used.

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Natural sweeteners such as sucrose contains a lot of calories. Due to increase in cases of obesity and diabetes among the young individuals, artificial sweeteners have found a major role. A few examples of artificial sweetening agents are as follows:
Saccharin: It is 550 times more sweeter than cane sugar. It is excreted from the body through urine.
Aspartame: It is 100 times sweeter than can sugar. It is unstable at cooking temperature, therefore it used only in cold food and soft drinks.
Alitame: It is more stable than aspartame but the sweetness provided by this is quite difficult to control.
Sucralose: It is stable at cooking temperature. It does not provide calories.

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Pickles have a long shell life due to the presence of plenty of salt and oil in them, which prevents spoilage of food by inhibiting the growth of microbes. They do not allow the moisture to enter the food, as a result bacteria cannot thrive on them. Hence, pickles do not get spoiled for months together.

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Saccharin is an inert and harmless artificial sweetner. It is about 550 times as sweet as cane sugar. It is usually consumed by people who needs to control diabetes or calorie intake. The structure is as follows:

On the other hand, Saccharic acid, is a dibasic acid obtained on bacteria oxidation of glucose or on treatment with conc. HNO₃

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Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. It taste similar to sugar and is stable at cooking temperature. The structure of sucralose is as follows:

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Aspartame is the artificial sweetner which is 100 times more sweeter than cane sugar. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. As it in unstable at cooking temperature, so its use is limited to cold drinks and cold foods. The structure is as follows:

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Due to its unstability at cooking temperature, the use of aspartame is limited only to cold food and soft drinks.

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A few examples of sodium salt of a few acids that are useful for food preservation are as follows:

• Benzoic acid → Sodium benzoate a derivative of benzoic acid is one of the most commonly used food preservative. It is widely used to preserve acid containing or acidified foods such as fruits, juices, pickles etc.  Benzoate inhibits mostly yeasts rather than moulds and bacteria.
• Sorbic acid → Sorbic acid or its derivative salts like sodium, potassium or calcium salts, also exhibits preservative properties. Also, the potassium sorbate finds more application than sodium sorbate.
• Sodium propanoate is used in baking as a mold inhibitor.

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The site different from active site of an enzyme where a drug molecule can bind is called the allosteric site some drugs bind to a different site than the active site of the enzyme and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. They do so by change the shape of the active site of the enzyme in such a way that the substrate cannot recognise it. Usually, non-competitive inhibitor changes the active site of enzymes after binding at allosteric sites.

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Protein receptors are located in the cell membrane in such a manner that their small portion possesing active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens at the outside region of the cell membrane.

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The type of bonds formed between enzymes and inhibitors are usually weak bonds like H-bonding, van der waals interactions etc. But in case a strong bond is formed between a inhibitor and enzyme, then the enzyme is blocked permanently. The body degrades the complex formed and synthesises new enzyme.

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Column I	Column II
(i) CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH	(c) Nonionic detergent
(ii) C17H35COO−Na+	(d) Soap
(iii) CH3(CH2)10CH2SO3−Na+	(b) Anionic detergent
(iv)	(a) Cationic detergent

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Column I	Column II
(i)	(c) Hair conditioner
(ii) CH3(CH2)11C6H5SO3−Na+	(d) Toothpaste
(iii) C17H35COO−Na+ + Na2CO3 + Rosin	(b) Laundry soap
(iv) CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH	(a) Dishwashing powder

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Sulpha drugs consists of sulphonamide group in its structure. But salvarsan is an antibiotic and is not a sulpha drug. Therefore, assertion is correct but reason is not true.

Hence,  the correct answer is option (iii).

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Receptors are proteins that are crucial to body's communication process. They receive and responds to a neurotransmitter or other substance. The majority of them are embedded in the cell membrane, in such a way their small part possessing active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens on the outer region of the cell membrane.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate molecule in a suitable position through a variety of interactions such as ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction or dipole-dipole interaction, so that it can be attacked by the reagent effectively.
Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites of enzymes or bind to a different site of enzyme which is called allosteric site. This binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognise it.
If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond and cannot be broken easily, then the enzyme is blocked permanently.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).
 

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In the body, message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles is communicated through certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as chemical messengers are received at the binding sites of receptor proteins. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the receptor site changes. This brings about the transfer of message into the cell. Thus, chemical messenger gives message to the cell without entering the cell.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv). 

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Soaps are dissolved in ethanol to make them transparent. Ethanol eliminates air and moisture from the soaps, which is responsible for scattering light. So, assertion statement is true but the reason is false.
Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification. In this reaction, esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained remains in colloidal form. Therefore, it is precipitated from the solution by adding sodium chloride.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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Drugs which compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites of enzymes are called competitive inhibitors. These can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate.
In non-competitive inhibition, drugs bind to a different site of enzyme which is called allosteric site. This binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognise it.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).

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Non-competitive inhibitor drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site. These bind to a different site of enzyme which is called allosteric site. This binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognise it.

Hence, the correct answer is option (v).

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In the body, message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles is communicated through certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as chemical messengers are received at the binding sites of receptor proteins. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the receptor site changes. This brings about the transfer of message into the cell. Thus, chemical messenger gives message to the cell without entering the cell.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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There are a large number of different receptors in the body that interact with different chemical messengers. These receptors show selectivity for one chemical messenger over the other because their binding sites have different shape, structure and amino acid composition.
Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists. These are useful when blocking of message is required. There are other types of drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor, these are called agonists. These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (iv).

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Chemicals that prevent spoilage of food due to prohibiting microbial growth are called food preservatives. All chemicals added to food items are not food preservatives. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium benzoate. They do not increase the nutritive value of the food.

Hence, the correct answer is option (iii).

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Food preservatives are chemicals added to food items to prevent spoilage of food due to prohibiting microbial growth. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium benzoate.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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Natural sweeteners, e.g., sucrose add to calorie intake and therefore many people prefer to use artificial sweeteners. Most of the artificial sweeteners are excreted from the body in urine unchanged. They appear to be entirely inert and harmless when taken. Their use is of great value to diabetic persons and people who need to control intake of calories.

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii).

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The structures of prontosil and salvarsan are shown below. They resemble in the sense that As=As bond in salvarsan is similar to N=N bond in prontosil and both have aromatic rings on either sides.


The structures of azo dye and prontosil are shown below. Both of them have azo group in their structures.

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In their catalytic activity, enzymes perform two major functions:
(i) The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate molecule in a suitable position, so that it can be attacked by the reagent effectively. Substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme through a variety of interactions such as ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction or dipole-dipole interaction.
(ii) The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will attack the substrate and carry out chemical reaction.

Drug−enzyme interaction

• Drugs inhibit the catalytic action of enzymes by blocking the binding site of enzymes. Such drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.

• The two ways of drug−enzyme interaction are:

  • Drugs compete with substrate molecules to attack the active site of enzymes. Such drugs are called competitive inhibitors.

• Some drugs change the shape of the active site of an enzyme. Such drugs bind to a different site, which is called allosteric site, and changes the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot recognise it.

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The main problem that appears in the use of synthetic detergents over a long time is that if their hydrocarbon chain is highly branched, then bacteria cannot degrade this easily. Therefore, the branching of the hydrocarbon chain should be controlled and kept to the minimum. Unbranched chains can be biodegraded more easily and hence pollution is prevented.

Synthetic detergents are mainly classified into three categories:

• Anionic detergents: Sodium salts of sulphonated long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Anionic part is involved in the cleansing action.

• Example:

• Cationic detergents: Quaternary ammonium salts of amines, with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.

• Example:

• Non-ionic detergents: Do not contain any ion.

• Example:

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Enzymes are the biological catalysts which holds the substrate by chemical reaction, they provide the functional group which will attack the the substrate molecule and carry out the chemical reaction. Enzyme inhibitors are the drugs which inhibits the enzymes to perform their task.
Enzyme inhibitors block the binding site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the substrate molecule to bind through the active site of the enzyme.
Drugs inhibit the attachment of the substrate on the active site of the enzymes in two different ways:
(i) Some drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment at active site of the enzymes and are known as competitive inhibitors.

(ii) Some drugs inhibhit the activity of the enzymes by binding to it through a site other than active site and are known as allosteric drugs.  They do so by change the shape of the active site of the enzyme in such a way that the substrate cannot recognise it. They are categoriezed as non-competitive inhibitor drugs.